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Numerous other Scientologist-run services and organizations come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE requires those who want to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can assist by including to it. In order to facilitate the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of effective or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has actually obtained some trustworthiness as a faith in lots of nations, Scientology has actually likewise been referred to as both a cult and an industrial business.
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For instance, it has actually been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game people it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel versus attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were business and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 link ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in a web poll run by the governmental shift team obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and committed among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal offense devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive methods in attending to those it sees as trying to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.